The ruler or ruling institutions of the state have to be well informed of the internal situation of a country, its citizens, the internal rival groups or individuals, the dissidents, the supporters of the ruling institution or ruler, the groups or individuals striving to destabilize the state machinery or cliquing against the government the various conflicting groups and the inner struggle among them, the designs and movements of criminals of various categories, problems and aspirations of the people belonging to various social categories and professions etc. The term espionage, in general, applies to both internal intelligence of a state and intelligence pertaining to other countries. Espionage has been an inexorable part of statecraft ever since the emergence of state as the supreme institution of governance of human societies.
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